Articles
Published 2015-11-01
Keywords
- Collective Rights,
- Individual Rights,
- Right to a Healthy Environment,
- Right holder
- Derechos colectivos,
- Derechos individuales,
- Derecho al ambiente sano,
- Titularidad
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Abstract
Most of the rights that have been recognized both at the constitutional level and in international human rights laws entitle individuals to the protection of private goods. In contrast, the right to a healthy environment ensures individuals the enjoyment of a public good. The characteristics of public goods have created significant problems related to the legal architecture for a system of fundamental rights that historically was conceived for the protection of private goods, and have generated considerable debate over whether the right to a healthy environment should be considered an individual right. This paper analyzes Carlos S. Nino’s position, who advocates in favor of considering the right to a healthy environment as a collective right; and it points out the problems that such a position generates for the content of the right and its exercise.
References
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2. Bidart Campos, G. J. (2002), Manual de la constitución reformada, Vol. II, Buenos Aires, EDIAR.
3. Brunnée, J. (1989), “‘Common Interest’ –Echoes from an Empty Shell?: Some Thoughts on Common Interest and International Environmental Law”, Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Volkenrecht, 49(4), pp. 791-808.
4. Buchanan, A. (1994), “Liberalism and Group Rights”, en Coleman, J. L. y Buchanan, A. (eds.), In Harm’s Way: Essays in Honor of Joel Feinberg, Nueva York, Cambridge University Press.
5. Cornes, R. y Sandler, T. (1986), The Theory of Externalities, Public Goods, and Club Goods, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
6. Desai, M. (2003), “Public Goods: A Historical Perspective”, en Kaul, L., Conceiçao, P., Le Goulven, K. y Mendoza, R. U. (eds.), Providing Global Public Goods: Managing Globalization, Oxford University Press.
7. Dinstein, Y. (1976), “Collective Human Rights of Peoples and Minorities”, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 1(25), pp. 102-120.
8. Donnelly, J. (2013), Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice, Ithaca, Cornell University Press.
9. Esaín, J., Minella, G. G. y Jiménez, E. P. (2010), “La cuestión de la tutela ambiental antes y después de la reforma constitucional de 1994”, en Gargarella, R. (ed.), Teoría y crítica del derecho constitucional, Vol. II, Buenos Aires, Abeledo-Perrot.
10. Galenkamp, M. (1991), “Collective Rights: Much Ado about Nothing?: A Review Essay”, Netherlands Quarterly on Human Rights, 9, pp. 291-307.
11. Galenkamp, M. (1993), Individualism versus Collectivism: The Concept of Collective Rights, Rotterdam, Erasmus Universiteit, Faculteit der Wijsbegeerte.
12. Green,L. (1991), “Two Views of Collective Rights”, Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence, IV(2), pp. 315-328.
13. Handl, G. (1992), “Human Rights and Protection of the Environment: A Midly ‘Revisionist’ View”, en Trindade, A. A. C. (ed.), Human Rights, Sustainable Development and the Environment, San José de Costa Rica, Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos y Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo.
14. Hohfeld, W. N. (1913), “Some Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning”, Yale Law Journal, 23, pp. 16-59.
15. Jones, P. (1999), “Group rights and Group Opression”, Journal of Political Philosophy, 7(4), pp. 353-377.
16. Jones, P. (2008), “Group Rights”, en Zalta, E. N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
17. Jovanovi, M. A. (2012), Collective Rights: A Legal Theory, Nueva York, Cambridge University Press.
18. Kymlicka, W. (1994), “Individual and Community Rights”, en Baker, J. (ed.), Group Rights, Toronto, University of Toronto Press.
19. Lorenzetti, R. L. (2008), Teoría del derecho ambiental, Buenos Aires, La Ley.
20. Makinson, D. (1988), “Rights of Peoples: Point of View of a Logician”, en Crawford, J. (ed.), The Rights of Peoples, Oxford, Clarendon Press.
21. McDonald, M. (1991), “Should Communities Have Rights?: Reflections on Liberal Individualism”, Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence, 4, p. 217-217.
22. Merrills, J. G. (1996), “Environmental Protection and Human Rights: Conceptual Aspects”, en Boyle, A. E. y Anderson, M. (eds.), Human Rights Approaches to Environmental Protection, Oxford, Clarendon Press.
23. Merrills, J. G. (2007), “Environmental Rights”, en Bodansky, D., Brunnée, J. y Hey, E. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
24. Miller, S. (1999), “Collective Rights”, Public Affairs Quarterly, 13(4), pp. 331-346.
25. Newman, D. G. (2004), “Collective Interests and Collective Rights”, The American Journal of Jurisprudence, 49(1), pp. 127-163.
26. Nickel, J. W. (1997), “Group Agency and Group Rights”, en Shapiro, I. y Kymlicka, W. (eds.), Ethnicity and Group Rights, Nueva York, New York University Press.
27. Nino, C. S. (1989), Ética y derechos humanos, Buenos Aires, Astrea, 2ª ed.
28. Nino, C. S. (1992), Fundamentos de derecho constitucional, Buenos Aires, Astrea.
29. Raz, J. (1984), “Right-Based Moralities”, en Waldron, J. (ed.), Theories of Rights, Nueva York, Oxford University Press.
30. Raz, J. (1986), The Morality of Freedom, Nueva York, Oxford University Press.
31. Réaume, D. (1988), “Individual, Groups and Rights to Public Goods”, University of Toronto Law Journal, 38, pp. 1-27.
32. Tawil, G. S. (1995), “La cláusula ambiental en la Constitución Nacional”, La Ley, 1995-B, 1291.
33. Waldron, J. (1993), Liberal Rights: Collected Papers 1981-1991, Nueva York, Cambridge University Press.
34. Waldron, J. (2002), “Taking Group Rights Carefully”, en Huscroft, G. y Rishworth, P. (eds.), Litigating Rights: Perspectives from Domestic and International Law, Portland, Hart Publishing.
35. Wellman, C. (2001), “Alternatives for a Theory of Group Rights”, en Sistare, C., May, L. y Francis, L. (eds.), Groups and Group Rights, Lawrence, University Press of Kansas.