Publicado 2014-11-01
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Resumo
En Knowledge and its Limits, Timothy Williamson argumenta a favor de la tesis fuerte de que el conocimiento es un estado mental (CEMf), ofreciendo una caracterización del conocimiento según la cual es "la actitudfactiva estativa más general". Dicha caracterización es central una vez que se considera que los estados perceptivos son también actitudes factivas estativas. Esta propuesta ha sido discutida ampliamente en la literatura. En este trabajo argumento en contra de (CEMf) a partir de una crítica novedosa que parte de las herramientas mismas que Williamson usa a su favor. Para ello argumentaré, en distintas etapas, que los estados perceptivos no son actitudes factivas estativas. La crítica en cuestión no se limita a mostrar la falsedad de la caracterización del conocimiento en términos de actitudes factivas estativas, sino que también muestra la implausibilidad de (CEMf).
Referências
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2. Ayer, A. J. (1956), The Problem of Knowledge, Londres, Macmillan.
3. Cassam, Q. (2009), "Can the Concept of Knowledge be Analyzed?", en Greenough, P. y Pritchard, D. (eds.), Williamson on Knowledge, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
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5. Chisholm, R. (1976), Theory of Knowledge, Nueva Jersey, Prentice Hall.
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11. Fricker, E. (2009), "Is Knowing a State of Mind? The case against", en Greenough, P. y Pritchard, D. (eds.), Williamson on Knowledge, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
12. Girgus, J. S., Coren, S., y Fraenkel, R. (1975), "Levels of perceptual processing in the development of visual illusions", Developmental Psychology, 11 (3), pp. 268-273.
13. Greenough, P. y Pritchard, D. (eds.) (2009), Williamson on Knowledge, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
14. Gregory, R.Ll. (1968), "Perceptual Illusions and Brain Models", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 171 (1024), pp. 279-296.
15. Haslanger, S. (2006), "What Good Are our Intuitions? Philosophical Analysis and Social Kinds", Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes, 80 (1), pp. 89-118.
16. Hazlett, A. (2010), "The Myth of Factive Verbs", Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 80 (3), pp. 497-522.
17. Hellie, B. (2007), "Factive Phenomenal Characters", Philosophical Perspectives, 21, pp. 259-303.
18. Hoffman, D. (2011), "The construction of visual reality" en Blom, J. D, y Sommer, I. (eds.), Hallucination: Research and Practice, Springer.
19. Hoffman, D., Mark, J. y Marion, B. (2010), "Natural selection and veridical perception", Journal of Theoretical Biology, 266, pp. 504-515.
20. Kandel, E., Schwartz, J., y Jessell, T. (1995), Essentials of Neural Science and Behavior, Stamford, Appleton & Llange.
21. Kitaoka, A., Gyoba, J. y Sakurai, K. (2006), "The visual phantom illusion: a perceptual product of surface completion depending on brightness and contrast", Progress in Brain Research, 154, pp. 247- 262.
22. Kornblith, H. (2002), Knowledge and its place in nature, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
23. Kumar, V. (2014), "Knowledge as a natural kind term", Synthese, 191 (3), pp. 439-457.
24. Kusch, M. (2002), Knowledge by Agreement: The Programme of Communitarian Epistemology, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
25. Laroi, F. y Van der Linden, M. (2005), "Metacognitions in proneness towards hallucinations and delusions", Behavior Research and Therapy, 43, pp. 1425-1441.
26. Leite, A. (2005), "On Willliamson´s Arguments that Knowledge is a mental State", Ratio XVIII (2), pp.165-175.
27. Morrison, A. P. y Wells, A. (2000), "Cognitive factors in predisposition to auditory and visual hallucinations", British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39, pp. 67-78.
28. Nagel, J. (2013), "Knowledge as a Mental State", Oxford Studies in Epistemology, 4, pp. 275-310.
29. Neta, R. y Rohrbaugh, G. (2004), "Luminosity and the Safety of Knowledge", Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 85, pp. 396-406.
30. Putnam, H. (1985), "Why Reason can't be naturalized", en Philosophical papers: Volume 3, Realism and Reason, Cambridge University Press.
31. Schacter, D. L., Guerin S. A. y St. Jacques, P. L. (2011), "Memory Distortion: an Adaptive Perspective", Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15 (10), pp. 467-474.
32. Sellars, W. (1956), "Does empirical Knowledge have a foundation?", en Sosa, E. y Kim, J. (eds.) (2000), Epistemology: an Anthology, Londres, Blackwell.
33. Shope, R. K. (1983), The analysis of Knowledge, Princeton, Princeton University Press.
34. Smithies, D. (2012), "Mentalism and Epistemic Transparency", Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 90 (4), pp. 723-741.
35. Stalnaker, R. (1974), "Pragmatic Presuppositions", en Munitz, M. y Unger, P. (eds.) Semantics and Philosophy, Nueva York, New York University Press.
36. Steup, M. (2009), "Are Mental States Luminous?" en Greenough, P. y Pritchard, D. (eds.), Williamson on Knowledge, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
37. Szpunar, K. K. y Schacter, D. L. (2013), "Get Real: Effects of Repeated Simulation and Emotion on the Perceived Plausibility of Future Experiences", Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142 (2), pp. 323-327.
38. Vendler, Z. (1967), Linguistics in Philosophy, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, caps. 1 y 4.
39. Viger, C. (2006), "Is the Aim of Perception to Provide Accurate Representations? A Case for the "no" side", en Stainton, r. J. (ed.), Contemporary Debates in Cognitive Science, Malden, Blackwell.
40. Waring, J. D., Payne, J. D, Schacter, D. l. y Kensinger, E. A. (2010), "Impact of Individual Differences upon Emotion-Induced Memory Trade-offs", Cognition and Emotion, 24 (1), pp. 150-167.
41. Welbourne, M. (1993), The Community of Knowledge, Aldershot, Gregg Revivals.
42. Williams, M. (2007), "Why (Wittgensteinian) Contextualism is Not elativism", Episteme, 4 (1), pp. 93-114.
43. Williamson, T. (2000), Knowledge and its Limits, Nueva York, Oxford University Press.
44. Williamson, T. (2005), "Precis of Knowledge & its Limits" en Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 70 (2), pp. 431-435.
45. Williamson, T. (2007), The Philosophy of Philosophy, Malden, Blackwell.
46. Williamson, T. (2009) "Replies to critics" en Greenough, P. y Pritchard, D. (eds.), Williamson on Knowledge, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
2. Ayer, A. J. (1956), The Problem of Knowledge, Londres, Macmillan.
3. Cassam, Q. (2009), "Can the Concept of Knowledge be Analyzed?", en Greenough, P. y Pritchard, D. (eds.), Williamson on Knowledge, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
4. Chisholm, R. (1957), Perceiving: A Philosophical Study, Ithaca, Cornell University Press.
5. Chisholm, R. (1976), Theory of Knowledge, Nueva Jersey, Prentice Hall.
6. Clark, A. (2002), "Is seeing all it seems? Action, Reason and the grand illusion", Journal of Consciousness Studies, 9 (5-6), pp. 181-202.
7. Craig, E. (1990), Knowledge and the State of Nature: An Essay in Conceptual Synthesis, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
8. Dretske, F. (1969), Seeing and Knowing, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
9. Foley, R. (2002), "Review: Knowledge & its Limits", Mind, 111 (443), pp.718-726.
10. Frenda, S. J., Knowles, E. D., Saletan, W., y Loftus, E. F. (2013), "False memories of fabricated political events", Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49 (2), pp. 280-286.
11. Fricker, E. (2009), "Is Knowing a State of Mind? The case against", en Greenough, P. y Pritchard, D. (eds.), Williamson on Knowledge, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
12. Girgus, J. S., Coren, S., y Fraenkel, R. (1975), "Levels of perceptual processing in the development of visual illusions", Developmental Psychology, 11 (3), pp. 268-273.
13. Greenough, P. y Pritchard, D. (eds.) (2009), Williamson on Knowledge, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
14. Gregory, R.Ll. (1968), "Perceptual Illusions and Brain Models", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 171 (1024), pp. 279-296.
15. Haslanger, S. (2006), "What Good Are our Intuitions? Philosophical Analysis and Social Kinds", Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes, 80 (1), pp. 89-118.
16. Hazlett, A. (2010), "The Myth of Factive Verbs", Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 80 (3), pp. 497-522.
17. Hellie, B. (2007), "Factive Phenomenal Characters", Philosophical Perspectives, 21, pp. 259-303.
18. Hoffman, D. (2011), "The construction of visual reality" en Blom, J. D, y Sommer, I. (eds.), Hallucination: Research and Practice, Springer.
19. Hoffman, D., Mark, J. y Marion, B. (2010), "Natural selection and veridical perception", Journal of Theoretical Biology, 266, pp. 504-515.
20. Kandel, E., Schwartz, J., y Jessell, T. (1995), Essentials of Neural Science and Behavior, Stamford, Appleton & Llange.
21. Kitaoka, A., Gyoba, J. y Sakurai, K. (2006), "The visual phantom illusion: a perceptual product of surface completion depending on brightness and contrast", Progress in Brain Research, 154, pp. 247- 262.
22. Kornblith, H. (2002), Knowledge and its place in nature, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
23. Kumar, V. (2014), "Knowledge as a natural kind term", Synthese, 191 (3), pp. 439-457.
24. Kusch, M. (2002), Knowledge by Agreement: The Programme of Communitarian Epistemology, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
25. Laroi, F. y Van der Linden, M. (2005), "Metacognitions in proneness towards hallucinations and delusions", Behavior Research and Therapy, 43, pp. 1425-1441.
26. Leite, A. (2005), "On Willliamson´s Arguments that Knowledge is a mental State", Ratio XVIII (2), pp.165-175.
27. Morrison, A. P. y Wells, A. (2000), "Cognitive factors in predisposition to auditory and visual hallucinations", British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39, pp. 67-78.
28. Nagel, J. (2013), "Knowledge as a Mental State", Oxford Studies in Epistemology, 4, pp. 275-310.
29. Neta, R. y Rohrbaugh, G. (2004), "Luminosity and the Safety of Knowledge", Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 85, pp. 396-406.
30. Putnam, H. (1985), "Why Reason can't be naturalized", en Philosophical papers: Volume 3, Realism and Reason, Cambridge University Press.
31. Schacter, D. L., Guerin S. A. y St. Jacques, P. L. (2011), "Memory Distortion: an Adaptive Perspective", Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15 (10), pp. 467-474.
32. Sellars, W. (1956), "Does empirical Knowledge have a foundation?", en Sosa, E. y Kim, J. (eds.) (2000), Epistemology: an Anthology, Londres, Blackwell.
33. Shope, R. K. (1983), The analysis of Knowledge, Princeton, Princeton University Press.
34. Smithies, D. (2012), "Mentalism and Epistemic Transparency", Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 90 (4), pp. 723-741.
35. Stalnaker, R. (1974), "Pragmatic Presuppositions", en Munitz, M. y Unger, P. (eds.) Semantics and Philosophy, Nueva York, New York University Press.
36. Steup, M. (2009), "Are Mental States Luminous?" en Greenough, P. y Pritchard, D. (eds.), Williamson on Knowledge, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
37. Szpunar, K. K. y Schacter, D. L. (2013), "Get Real: Effects of Repeated Simulation and Emotion on the Perceived Plausibility of Future Experiences", Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142 (2), pp. 323-327.
38. Vendler, Z. (1967), Linguistics in Philosophy, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, caps. 1 y 4.
39. Viger, C. (2006), "Is the Aim of Perception to Provide Accurate Representations? A Case for the "no" side", en Stainton, r. J. (ed.), Contemporary Debates in Cognitive Science, Malden, Blackwell.
40. Waring, J. D., Payne, J. D, Schacter, D. l. y Kensinger, E. A. (2010), "Impact of Individual Differences upon Emotion-Induced Memory Trade-offs", Cognition and Emotion, 24 (1), pp. 150-167.
41. Welbourne, M. (1993), The Community of Knowledge, Aldershot, Gregg Revivals.
42. Williams, M. (2007), "Why (Wittgensteinian) Contextualism is Not elativism", Episteme, 4 (1), pp. 93-114.
43. Williamson, T. (2000), Knowledge and its Limits, Nueva York, Oxford University Press.
44. Williamson, T. (2005), "Precis of Knowledge & its Limits" en Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 70 (2), pp. 431-435.
45. Williamson, T. (2007), The Philosophy of Philosophy, Malden, Blackwell.
46. Williamson, T. (2009) "Replies to critics" en Greenough, P. y Pritchard, D. (eds.), Williamson on Knowledge, Oxford, Oxford University Press.